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A Phrenological mapping of the brain. Phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain.Philosophy of mind is the philosophical study of the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, and consciousness, and of the nature of their relationship with the physical body: the so-called "mind–body problem".[1]
Dualism and monism are two major schools of thought that attempt to resolve the mind–body problem. Dualism asserts the separate existence of mind and body, and can be traced back to Plato[2] and Aristotle[3] in the West and the sankhya school of Hindu philosophy in the East[4] and was most precisely formulated in modern terms by René Descartes in the 17th century.[5] Monism, first proposed in the West by Parmenides and in modern times by Baruch Spinoza, maintains that there is only one substance; in the East, rough parallels might be the Hindu concept of Brahman or the Tao of Lao Tzu.[6]
